GEOLIT - Lithosphere Geosciences Research Group

Prof. Marta Mantovani

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She was born in a village near Milan during the Second World War (Usmate-Velate). Her family moved to São Paulo (Brazil) when she was almost seven. She continued her studies that she had already started in Italy, at Colégio Santa Marcelina, in the Perdizes neighborhood, until she finished high school and attended high school at Dante Alighieri. She took the Physics entrance exam at USP in 1962, obtaining a Bachelor’s degree in 1965 and Bachelor’s degree in 1966. In the last two years of the course, she was a monitor at the Higher Physics Laboratory. At the end of 1966, Prof. Cesar Lattes, head of the Higher Physics chair at USP and creator of the CBPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) in Rio de Janeiro, upon accepting the invitation from Rector Zeferino Vaz, decided to transfer his group from São Paulo to Campinas, where it was being UNICAMP was created and invited the two interns from Higher Physics (Marta S. M. Mantovani and Claudio Santos) to continue their studies at Unicamp, under his guidance. The change occurred in the second half of 1967 when the facilities to house the new group were still non-existent.

 

Housed in the basement of the historic building at Rua Culto à Ciência 422, the Department of Cosmic Rays and High Energies had only the presence of Professor Lattes, his assistant/student (Marta S. M. Mantovani), and a Japanese visitor, participant of the Brazil Collaboration -Japan; the same basement housed the Unicamp Computer, under the leadership of General Valverde and a trainee who operated at night.

In about three years, still at the same address, and with the annual presence of Japanese researchers, Professor Yoichi Fujimoto being the most diligent, the laboratory already operated normally with six microscopists and interacted with the group from the Brazilian Center for Physical Researches of Rio de Janeiro. Using two sets of data, those obtained in that period and the reanalysis of the data published by the Bristol-Bombay group, his first student at UNICAMP presented her doctoral thesis in early 1971: “Observations on the multiple productions of pions by hadrons from Radiation Cosmic.”

 

The proposal for a new project led her to interact with the Center for Geochronological Research at USP, where she carried out her postdoctoral work. One of the dating methodologies proposed for the project was fission track analysis; the first results, which preceded his employment at the IAG (Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics, and Meteorology at USP), are described in an article in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters in 1974 (vol. 24, 311-318). Shortly before the end of her internship, she applied for a position in Geophysics at IAG-USP, based on the Água Funda campus, where she began her academic career. In Nuclear Geophysics, he did a short internship in Norway. He learned the neutron activation technique, which he transferred to IPEN (Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research, formerly IEA -Institute of Atomic Energy) through two master’s degrees under his guidance. Analyzes in Norway were published in 1979 in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (vol.42, 311-320).

 

Through a bilateral Agreement with Italy, it verified the potential of using the Rn-222 isotope in predicting eruptions. The choice of the isotope considered its volatility and the short life of alpha emission. After an updated study on the subject to verify the ideal conditions and the experimental viability of the proposal, published in 1978, in the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, under the title: “Radon anomalies and volcanic eruptions” (vol. 3, 325 -341), the experiment was carried out on the island of Vulcano (Italy). Emulsion detectors sensitive to alpha particles resulting from the decay of this isotope were used. The experimental process is similar to the procedures used in the fission track methodology: the alpha particles produced by the decay of Rn-222 when reaching the detector have a defect revealed after chemical processing, and the concentration of Rn will be proportional to the number of defects observed. The experiment was successful, as it preceded a swarm of earthquakes approximately three weeks in advance; the results were published in 1981 in the magazine Geophysical Research Letters (vol.120, pages 962-965). In this theme, he supervised a master’s degree for the experimental determination of the Rn diffusion constant; these results were published in 1984 in the Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, v. 56, p. 183-196; and in the Bollettino di Geofisica Pura e Applicata, 26, 135-141, in the same year.

 

Concomitantly, using an aeromagnetic survey made available to the academic community by CPRM (Companhia de Pesquisa e Recursos Minerais), he defined the Curie surface for the southern area of the state of Minas Gerais. The interpretation of the results obtained with this pioneering work deserved the approval of the editors of the journal Nature in 1979, where the article was published: Depth of Curie Temperature computed from Aeromagnetic Anomalies in Southeastern Minas Gerais (vol. 9, 845-846).

 

The bilateral agreement complemented the study of the aerial survey. It also used the Gravimetric method in the SE of the State of Minas Gerais, seeking to identify crustal structures. He used this methodology for several years in different areas of study, but always within the limits of the research area, aiming to identify the other dimensions of the structure under analysis. Several results were obtained by his research group and cited in the literature. (Ex. Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 1979, V. 9, p. 33-38; and p. 39-43, of the same volume.

 

In 1984, she was appointed Scientific Advisor to FAPESP. In the following year, she was invited to participate as a member of the Technical and Scientific Council of the National Observatory, of which she was a member until 1991. In that same year, 1985, she was appointed as Ad Hoc Advisor of the CNPq Advisory Committee, where he served three terms of four years, interspersed, as a rule. From 2001-2004, he served as the coordinator of the Advisory Committee on Geophysics, Meteorology, and Geodesy.

 

During this period, to the gravimetric and magnetometric surveys, he added geochemical and isotopic analyses in effusive rocks of the Paraná Basin, whose measurements were carried out in the laboratories of the University of Pisa. The positive results suggested the search for a partnership for these methodologies. (Journal of Petrology, 1985, v. 25, 187-209; Atalla et al., Na. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 1985; v. 17, p. 19-33.

 

In 1988, she was appointed Editor-in-Chief of the Revista Brasileira de Geofísica, which was lagging, even when the vehicle had already overcome the delays in 1991. Engaged in the Brazilian Society of Geophysics (SBGf) activities, she was elected President of the Association for the mandate from 1995-1997, being the first woman elected to that position.

 

In partnership with his colleagues at IAG, he participated in the International Transects Program, presenting two profiles, one (Brusque) in the south-central region, from the coast of Santa Catarina, and the border with Bolivia. The other (Santa Catarina) crosses the eponymous state. Both were published in 1991 by the AGU (American Geophysical Union). She was a member of its Regional Advisory Committee (RAC – 1995-1997). (GLOBAL GEOSCIENCES TRANSECTS; Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics, and Meteorology at USP; “Brusque Transect: from Atlantic coast to Bolivian Border” (vol. 4, 1-22) and “Santa Catarina Transect”)

 

In 1984, when the exchange with Italy ended and, given the difficulties in obtaining geochemical and isotopic analyses expeditiously in Brazil, it established a new bilateral agreement, this time with England (CNPq / British Council). The first results, already in line with the based research, were published in Nature in 1986 (vol. 322, 356-359). In 1985 she obtained the title of Livre Docente, presenting the thesis entitled: “Isotopic characterization of the magmatism of the Paraná Basin and its correlation with the underlying continental crust and with the opening of the South Atlantic.” For about ten years, unprecedented results were obtained, geochemically characterizing the basalt province of the Paraná Basin, which allowed inferring the magmatic processes that occurred in the Gondwana rupture and the separation of Africa-South America. During the exchange, several researchers and students visited. (J. of Petrology,1988; Geological Magazine, 1989; Geology, 1990; Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1990; Bulletin of Volcanology, 1992; J. Geophys.Res.,1994; Earth and Planet. Sci. Letters, 1994; J. Petrol., 1995; J. South American Earth Sci., 1995; J. Petrology, 1995; J. Geophys. Res., 1996; EPSL., 1997; J. Petrol., 1997; among others). In that same year, 1985, his Ph.D. student presented the thesis: The foundation of the Paraná Basin: Geophysical reconstruction of its framework. The publication of his results gave rise to a new interpretation of the arrangement of tectonic plates as a subsidy for evolutionary theories from Rodinia to Gondwana, a result published in 2005 in the journal Gondwana Research, vol.8 p. 303-315.

 

In 1989, along with two other candidates, he applied for a position as a Full Professor in the Department of Geophysics at IAG-USP, obtaining the title.

 

From 1991 to 1994, she served as the Brazilian coordinator of the International Lithosphere Project (ILP), promoted by the two International Unions of Geology and Geophysics (IUGG and IUGS). She initiated a project linked to the International Lithosphere Program (ILP) by interacting with these associations. She served as “Chairman of ILP National Committees” in this program from 1995 to 2000. During this period, she had already defined the direction of the main line of her research, financed and developed in consecutive stages, on the characteristics of the lithospheric segment of the S-SE of Brazil. There were several preliminary results, and some were already conclusive.

 

For the Ministry of Science and Technology, from 1993 to 1995, she was a member of the PADCT (Program to support Scientific and Technological Development); in 1996, she was a member of PRONEX (Program of Centers of Excellence. Sectorial Commission in the area of Exact and Earth Sciences); in 2009, she was a member of the Search Committee, to evaluate candidates for the Direction of the Goeldi Museum (PA).

 

In 1994 she was invited as a member of the PADCT technical group (Scientific and Technological Support Program, created in 1984 to provide financial research support). On that date (1994), one of his doctoral students, with a project on the solid tide, did an internship for a year in Belgium through a new agreement signed for the purpose. The results of her work allowed a comparison of the mechanical behavior between Africa and South America. The results can be seen in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2005, 230, 397-412)

 

In 1995, she was elected a member of the Executive Committee of the IAVCEI (International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth Interior), remaining until the end of her term in 1999. In 1997, she was elected a Full Member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.

 

In 1999, she was paranymph for graduates in Geophysics, and in 2000, for graduates in Geophysics and Meteorology at IAG-USP. In 2005 she was an Honored Professor of Geophysics graduate. From 2000 to 2004, she served as a Member of the IUGS Nominating Committee, and from 2005 to 2006, as an elected member of the IUGS Executive Committee.

 

In 2001, she was President of the International Cooperation Commission of the University of São Paulo (CCINT-USP), a Commission to which she had already acted as an Advisor. In that year, she was appointed Manager, and in 2002, Pro Tempore Director. In 2003, she became Director of the USP Science and Technology Park in the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI), where she remained in charge until 2011. The Cientec Park was created in the space left by the Astronomical and Geophysical Institute, today the USP Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, with the project being the conversion of historic buildings and the creation of playful spaces for learning Science, aimed at the population in general. The book “Science and Technology in the Park,” authored by her, presents a history and the initial project for the reconversion of the area. In 2004, she was summoned as a Member of the Technical Group of the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI) – Secretary of the Environment of the State of São Paulo, responsible for the PEFI area destined to USP.

 

In 2005 she received the “Nero Passos” Award in the “Education and Research Geophysicist” modality. She also served as a Member of the Geosciences Advisory Committee – CAPES. Later, in 2008, she received the Presidency of the Republic Award, the “National Order of Scientific Merit,” and the title of Commander.

 

She retired in 2014 at 70, with extension, teaching, and research activities that prove her irreproachable commitment to society.

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